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In view of the growing interest in Myxozoa, a meeting dedicated to these fish parasites was held on September 14, 2005. The special gathering included two sessions of oral presentations and a Myxozoan poster session, all of which ...
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In view of the growing interest in Myxozoa, a meeting dedicated to these fish parasites was held on September 14, 2005. The special gathering included two sessions of oral presentations and a Myxozoan poster session, all of which provided an updated overview on contemproary topics of Myxozoan research. The oral sessions included 17 presentations, encompassing a diverse range of Myxozoan research topics. A total of 20 posters dealing with Myxozoan topics were presented in one session. A round-table discussion forum that dealt with various current topics, new tools and approaches with the objective of stimulating new areas of Myxozoan research and encouraging international collaboration concluded the day.
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During a parasitological examination of Adriatic cage-reared young tuna, small and whitish xenomas were observed and isolated from the intestinal mucosa. Because of their strong resemblance to didymozoid cyst, xenomas were rupture...
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During a parasitological examination of Adriatic cage-reared young tuna, small and whitish xenomas were observed and isolated from the intestinal mucosa. Because of their strong resemblance to didymozoid cyst, xenomas were ruptured and fresh and stained smears were prepared. However, the microsporidian species was not determined in this study. This is the first record of a microsporidian parasite in tuna. Given the recognised potential pathogenicity of this parasitic group in wild and cultured fish populations, and the high value of reared tuna, it is important to continue with further research.
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The genus Perkinsus includes protistan parasites infecting marine molluscs throughout the world, some of which are associated with mass mortalities. Life cycle involves vegetative proliferation within the host, by which a cell nam...
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The genus Perkinsus includes protistan parasites infecting marine molluscs throughout the world, some of which are associated with mass mortalities. Life cycle involves vegetative proliferation within the host, by which a cell named trophozoite undergoes successive bipartitioning. Other stages have been observed in vitro or in vivo, depending on the species: hypnospore, zoosporangium and zoospore. Molecular taxonomy supports a close affinity between dinoflagellates and Perkinsus spp. Six species of Perkinsus are currently considered valid: P. marinus, P. olseni, P. qugwadi, P. chesapeaki, P. andrewsi and P. mediterraneus. Histology and, above all, incubation of host tissues in Ray's fluid thioglycollate medium (RFTM) are classic diagnostic methods. In addition, more sensitive and quicker molecular diagnostic techniques based on either immunoassays or PCR have been developed for Perkinsus spp. Epizootiological studies have shown a marked influence of water temperature and salinity on P. marinus infection in oysters Crassostrea virginica, thus determining parasite geographical range and temporal disease dynamics (seasonality). In vitro cultures have been established for four Perkinsus spp. Immune response to infection varies depending on host and involves phagocytosis or encapsulation of the parasite cells by host haemocytes. A polypeptide is secreted by clam Tapes philippinarum haemocytes that could kill the parasite. In vitro cultured P. marinus cells secrete proteases that are likely involved in degradation of host tissues. P. marinus can suppress the toxic oxygen radicals produced by host haemocytes. In addition to host death, sublethal efffects caused by Perkinsus spp. (reduction of fecundity, growth, and condition) may have significant ecological and economic implications. Various strategies have been assayed to mitigate the consequences of P. marinus epizootics on the oyster industry: modifications of management/culture procedures, selective breeding to obtain resistant oyster strains, and the use of triploid oysters and allochthonous oyster species. Some chemotherapeutants have been proved to inhibit or kill parasite cells in vitro.
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Psorospermium haeckeli is a thick-walled unicellular organism widely reported in European astacid crayfish. It is typically referred to as a 'parasite' although its pathogenic impact remains unclear. Until now there were no data a...
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Psorospermium haeckeli is a thick-walled unicellular organism widely reported in European astacid crayfish. It is typically referred to as a 'parasite' although its pathogenic impact remains unclear. Until now there were no data about its presence in Croatian astacid crayfish. We examined 144 specimens of the three astacid species from 12 different locations and found sporocysts of Psorospermium in 13 preparations of epidermal connective tissue of Astacus astacus and Astacus leptodactylus. Preparations were made by scraping the epidermal-connective tissue from under the carapace, treating it with 10% KOH and viewing it under a microscope at 125x, 250x and 400x magnification. A relative scale was used to describe the degree of infection of the crayfish by Psorospermium. We found two types of mature sporocysts and also some developing stages of Psorospermium. In the A. leptodactylus we found many sporocysts that were fully melanised. Further investigations are needed to understand the distribution of infected crayfish in Croatia and patterns of their infection with Psorospermium.
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The opening of this ninth International Congress of Parasitology (ICOPA9) was graced by the presence of the Emperor and Empress of Japan. The Emperor, himself a biologist, delivered a congratulatory address that included a histori...
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The opening of this ninth International Congress of Parasitology (ICOPA9) was graced by the presence of the Emperor and Empress of Japan. The Emperor, himself a biologist, delivered a congratulatory address that included a historical review of parasites and of their control in Japan, and that stressed his intense concern about the burden that parasitic disease places on the world. This speech was especially appropriate in light of the recent pronouncement of a global control scheme of parasitic diseases (Hashimoto Initiative) by the former Prime Minister of Japan, R Hashimoto, at Birmingham Summit in May 1998. In a press release at the time, he proposed that Japan launch a global parasite control effort in collaboration with other G7 countries and international organizations such as WHO.
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Parasitic diseases are the foremost worldwide health problem today, particularly in the under developed countries. It is estimated that the global prevalence of some of these diseases already exceeds 60% among the more than three ...
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Parasitic diseases are the foremost worldwide health problem today, particularly in the under developed countries. It is estimated that the global prevalence of some of these diseases already exceeds 60% among the more than three billion people living in parasite endemic areas. Parasitic diseases are not confined to humans but also affect many domestic and wild animals causing an enormous economic blight to already poor countries and societies. In spite of the alarming health and economic consequences of parasitic infections, these diseases are still on the rise, largely because of poor sanitation and health education, inadequate measures of control, greater use of irrigation for agricultural development, an increase and redistribution of world population, increased world travel, and the development of resistance to drugs used for chemotherapy or chemicals for the control of vectors. In addition, with the recent advent of AIDS, several parasitic diseases which previously did not constitute a major threat to human health emerged as causative agents of lethal opportunistic infections (e.g., toxoplasmosis, cryptosporidiosis). Furthermore, the high mortality rate of some of the parasitic diseases, such as malaria, cannot be ignored. Malaria causes the death of more than two million children every year. Most parasitic diseases, however, like Ascaris or Ancylostoma infections, remain neglected because their effects on human health are more subtle.
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The impact of parasites on health and conservation of wildlife is increasingly recognized as an important area. There is a woeful paucity of Indian literature other than sporadic case reports, on captive as well as free-ranging an...
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The impact of parasites on health and conservation of wildlife is increasingly recognized as an important area. There is a woeful paucity of Indian literature other than sporadic case reports, on captive as well as free-ranging animals/birds. The order Carnivora is a large group having 8 families of which felids and canids contain important members with a substantially shared spectrum of parasites and diseases caused by them. Bulk of the information relates to helminths, several of which are associated with important disease conditions and resultant morbidity and occasional mortality. These include the trematode Paragonimus, the cestode Echinococcus / hydatid and the nematodes, Toxocara/Toxascaris, Baylisascaris, Ancylostoma, Uncinaria, Galonchus, Dirofilaria, Strongyloides, Spirocerca and Gnathostoma. Almost all of them are transmissible to man and thus have zoonotic significance. Among protozoan maladies, trypanosomiasis, babesiosis and coccidian infections are prominent. Regarding wild birds, the data is derived almost entirely from those in captivity of cages in zoos across the country. Most studies relied on faecal examination but a few necropsy reports were also accessible, including fatal parasitisms. In general, the trematodes were almostentirely Echinostomatids, the cestodes were Davaineids, Dilepidids and Hymenolepidids, and the nematodes comprised Subuluroids, Trichuroids, Spiruroids and Filaroids. In recent years, some dedicated first records at necropsy, have contributed to the information pool. These include ascarid Contracaecum spiculiugerum in a wild pelican, highly pathogenic echinostomid Balfouria monogama in an endangered stork species, and another nodular fluke Chaunocephalus ferox in another species of stork. The most prevalent protozoans in birds are coccidia, some of which are pathogenic. The arthropods are made up of predominantely phthirapteran lice, and less often ticks, mites and fleas. For control, regular anthelmintics and other antiparasitic agents as employed intheir domestic counterparts, are variously reported to be effective.
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Proteomics offers a new set of tools for investigating parasites and parasite-associated disease. In this article, John Barrett, Jim Jefferies and Peter Brophy describe the key technologies involved, including two-dimensional gel ...
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Proteomics offers a new set of tools for investigating parasites and parasite-associated disease. In this article, John Barrett, Jim Jefferies and Peter Brophy describe the key technologies involved, including two-dimensional gel electro-phoresis, image analysis, biological mass spectroscopy and database searching. The potential applications of proteomics in drug and vaccine discovery are reviewed, as are possible future developments.
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The aim of this work was to explore the efficacy of a veterinary drug, Triclabendazole (5-chloro-6-(2, 3-dichlorophenoxy)-2-methylthio-1H-benzimidazole), in an inclusion complex with beta-cyclodextrin as a suitable treatment for p...
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The aim of this work was to explore the efficacy of a veterinary drug, Triclabendazole (5-chloro-6-(2, 3-dichlorophenoxy)-2-methylthio-1H-benzimidazole), in an inclusion complex with beta-cyclodextrin as a suitable treatment for parasitic diseases caused by Ichthyophthirius multifiliis in rainbow trout. The efficacy was determined by the reduction in the infection intensity. The complexes were prepared by the kneading method and were characterized by DSC and X-ray diffractometry. The selected stoichoimetry was 1:3 because of the higher percentage of Triclabendazole complexed with cyclodextrin. Administration of Triclabendazole and complex was carried out by including appropriate doses in animal feed. Our studies suggest that the Triclabendazole-cyclodextrin complex results in a reduction in the infection degree and trophont size is decreased in the animals treated. The oral treatment of Triclabendazole in inclusion complexes may be an alternative to bath treatments in trout fanning.
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